Old and Medieval English Literature（中世纪英语时期文学）
I Understanding and application: (理解应用)
1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans（罗马）, Anglo Saxons (盎格鲁撒克逊人)and Normans（日耳曼）. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization（地中海文明）, including Greek culture（古希腊文化）, Rome law（罗马法律） and the Christian religion（基督教）. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.
2. The old English literature（古英语文学） extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.
3. The old English poetry(古英语诗) that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one(宗教类和世俗类)
4. Beowulf（贝尔武夫）: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic(民族史诗) of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.
一、Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1343~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)The father of English poetry.Writing style:
wisdom, humor, humanity.
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作品：
① ② 1. Heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）: Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. it is the most common English meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable can unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one . 2. “The Father of English poetry”:（乔叟的贡献）①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it. ②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句). ③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet. ④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature. ⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of English poetry”. Chapter 1: The Renaissance Period文艺复兴 The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means \"rebirth\" or \"revival,\" is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as: ①The re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture 古罗马和古希腊文化的发掘 ②The new discoveries in geography & astrology地理天文大发现, the religious reformation & the economic expansion席卷欧洲的宗教改革. ③The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. Humanism: （人文主义）Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists. 1.Edmund Spencer(斯宾塞): The poets’ poet.（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster Abbey 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ①Spenser's most important work & masterpiece is 1. Using Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗节:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. ② 3. 领会His Influence Main qualities of Spenser's poetry ①a perfect melody ②a rare sense of beauty ③a splendid imagination ④a lofty moral purity & seriousness ⑤a dedicated idealism Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗·马洛), he is the most outstanding dramatist among the group “University Wits”大学才子. He is acknowledged as the greatest tragedy writer before William Shakespeare. Tamburlaine, Parts I &II 《铁木耳大帝，第一部和第二部》 The Tragical History of Doctor Eaustus(浮士德医生) generally considered his best play The Jew of Malta(马耳他岛的犹太人) Edward II《爱德华二世》 non-dramatic poetry “Hero & Leander The Passionate Shepherd to His Love”《多情的牧羊人致情 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 人歌》His Achievements & Influence Achievements: Marlowe's greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse（素体诗） & made it the principal medium of English drama. His second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama. The theme of his works is the praise of the Renaissance spirit. His influence: A man of wide learning, Marlowe was one of the extra ordinary poets & playwrights of his time. \"Marlowe's mighty line,\" as Ben Jonson called his blank verse, was one of the most important contributions to the art of English literature. Blank verse素体诗：written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. which was mastery handled by Shakespeare and Milton。 William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616playwright,poet 评价comments： Widely regarded as the greatest writer in English literature 莎士比亚同时代戏剧家本·琼森（Ben Johnson）--他不属于一个时代，而是属于永恒。（He was not of an age, but for all time.） 作品： ① Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies: ③Four Tragedies: ④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 Sonnet十四行诗：Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme. Shakespeare’s writing characteristics 1.The progressive significance of the theme--humanism 2.The successful character portrayal—women’s characters 3.The masterhand in constructing the plot 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.The ingenuity of his poetry 5.The mastery of his language 文学地位： Shakespeare wrote some thirty-eight plays. Taken individually, several of them are among the world's finest written works; taken collectively, they establish Shakespeare as the foremost literary talent of his own Elizabethan Age and, even more impressively, as a genius whose creative achievement has never been surpassed in any age. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers the world over. Shakespeare's work has made a lasting impression on later theatre and literature. In particular, he expanded the dramatic potential of characterisation, plot, language, and genre. Shakespeare influenced novelists such as Thomas Hardy, William Faulkner, and Charles Dickens. In Shakespeare's day, English grammar, spelling and pronunciation were less standardized than they are now, and his use of language helped shape modern English. The popularity of Shakespeare is a worldwide phenomenon. His name has been known to China for more than a hundred years, and many of his plays have been widely read among Chinese people. 作品赏析 ①about sonnet 18 Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, in which he has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves. 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Typical lines: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: The theme: Immortality, Beauty and love ②about The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 Major characters: Bassanio: -- a young Venetian court Portia, accepted Antonio: --a merchant of Venice, all money invented in ships, at sea, return not on time Shylock:--the Jewish usurer (放高利贷者) Portia:-- standing for the great beauty, wit and loyalty Theme: traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of the great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the greed and brutality of the Jew. Typical lines: \"Superfluity comes sooner by white hairs, but competency lives longer.\" (Act i. Sc. 2.) \"The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose.\" (Act i. Sc. 3.) \"Mislike me not for my complexion, the shadow’d livery of the burnish’d sun.\" (Act ii. Sc. 1.) \"In the twinkling of an eye.\" (Act ii. Sc. 2.) \"All that glisters is not gold.\" (Act ii. Sc. 7.) 三、Francis作品： Bacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626 ① ③ 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ④ Bacon’s quote 1knowledge is power 知识就是力量。 1、 Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt, and cannot last; and for the most part it makes a dissolute youth, and an age a little out of countenance 美犹如盛夏的水果，是容易腐烂而难保持的，世上有许多美人，她们有过放荡的青春，却迎受着愧悔的晚年。 2、 Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. 天生的能力好像天然生成的植物，必须通过学习加以修整；然而学习本身如若不由实践去约束，必然方向纷杂而漫无目的。 3、 Virtue is like a rich stone, best plain set 美德好比宝石，在朴素背景的衬托下反而更华丽。 评价 the founder of English materialist philosophy. The founder of modern science in England. a representative of the English renaissance. a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist. Bacon’s works establish and popularize an inductive methodology for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method. Induction（归纳法）implies drawing knowledge from the natural world through experimentation, observation, and testing of hypotheses. （哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。） Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.马克思称他为“英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父” Writing style: brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man’s reason. 十七世纪英国诗人 John Donne 约翰邓恩 the Metaphysical poet(17世纪玄学派诗人) English poet, preacher英国诗人牧师 He was the most outstanding of the English Metaphysical Poets他是最杰出的玄学派诗人 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 作品： Songs and Sonnets 《歌与十四行诗》 The Good-Morrow 《早安》 Break of Day《破晓》 Epithalamions, or marriage songs 《颂歌》 Elegies 《挽歌》 On His Mistress To His Mistress Going to bed Divine poems 《圣歌》 Holy Sonnets 《神圣十四行诗》 At the Round Earths Imagined Corner, Below Death Be Not Proud<死神休的张狂> Artistic features:艺术特点 conceits or imagery奇思妙喻 syllogism三段论 Metaphysical poetry玄学派诗歌：用语the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought） Metaphysical poetry: The term \"metaphysical poetry\" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ cadences of common speech. The imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself. John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674革命诗人 John Milton was an English poet, 政论家，polemicist (辩论家） He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost失乐园, which is considered as the greatest English literary epic. 评价： William Hayley's 1796 biography called him the \"greatest English author\". He remains generally regarded \"as one of the preeminent writers in the English language and as a thinker of world importance.\" Milton's literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets & the last great poems. 写作的3个主题: Church government Divorce Republicanism 作品： 1637：Lycidas 《利西达斯》 1650：Areopagitica 《轮出版自由》 1667: Paradise Lost 《失乐园》是无韵体 1671: Paradise Regained 《复乐园》1671: Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》 The Defence of the English People 为英国人民声辩 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paradise Lost (1667), Paradise Regained (1671), & Samson Agonistes (1671). Among the three, the first is the greatest, indeed the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf; & the last one is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English. 文学地位： Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics and who is both a great poet and important prose writer. Milton is the greatest English poet after Shakespeare, was the one great literary figure who want tried seriously to combine Renaissance and Reformation. Milton was political in both his life and his art. Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have been regarded as two patterns of English verse. Milton is a master of the blank verse. He first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. Milton is a great stylist. His style is never exactly natural. It’s art attained by definite and conscientious rhetorical devices. Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet. Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best who can endure the suffering best. 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 3:The Neoclassical Period新古典主义时期 1． 时间界定： Neoclassical period is the one in English literature between the return of Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1978. It’s in fact a turbulent period. 3. 文学形式 A. 伤感主义文学 In the last few decades of the 18th century, however, the neoclassical emphasis upon reason, intellect, wit and form was rebelled against or challenged by the sentimentalists, and was gradually by Romanticism. B. 新古典主义诗歌 The neoclassical period witnessed the flourish of English poetry in the classical style climaxing with John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson. C. 现实主义小说 The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form - the modern English novel, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. D哥特式小说及其它 Gothic novels - mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles - were turned out profusely by both male and female writers. Gothic novels: Gothic novels are mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Class castles. They appeared from the middle part of the 18th century and were turned out profusely by male and female writers. 1 John Bunyan (1628-1688) 约翰·班杨 代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。） Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners《功德无量》 the vanity fair <名利场>节选自The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》 The Life and Death of Mr.Badman《培德曼先生传》 The Holy War《圣战》 2Jonathan Swift乔纳森 斯威夫特 A Tale of a Tub (satirist) 《木桶的故事》 The Battle of the Books 《书籍之战》 The Examiner 《主考》 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Gulliver’s Travels (his greatest satiric work) 《格列佛游记》(A Voyage to Lilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa,Balnibarbi,Luggnagg,Glubbdubdriba and Japan/The Country of the Houyhnhnms小人国/大人国/拉普他等地/智马国游记) A Modest Proposal (more powerful) 《一个温和的建议》 Drapier’s Letters布商的书信 3. Writing styles: ②Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose. He defined a good style as \"proper words in proper places.\" Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy & conciseness of language mark all his writings-essays, poems & novels. 3.Alexanderl Pope亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744 （18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。） One of the first to introduce rationalism to England. ① Artistic features: 1.Using “heroic couplets” ② 4.Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731 （小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人，英国小说之父、不信奉国教派nonconformist） 1.He is the first writer study of the lower-class people,hislanguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. 2主要作品 The shortest way with dissenters<成为异教徒的捷径>使他坐牢 The true born Englishman 《地地道道的英国人》赢得了国王的友情 Robinson Crusoe《鲁宾逊漂流记》 精品资料 Pastorals《田园诗集》 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Captain Singleton《辛格顿船长》 Moll Flanders《摩尔·弗兰德斯》 Colonel Jack《杰克上校》 Roxana《洛珊娜传》 A Journal of the Plague Year《大疫年记》 3分析鲁滨逊的形象 5.Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754 （英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 十八世纪最伟大的小说家） ①Father of the English Novel—because of his contribution and establishment of the form of the modern novel ②Of all the eighteenth-century novelists he was the first to set out, both in theory and practice: First: give the modern novel both its structure and its style Second: adopted the “third-person narration” in which the author became the all-knowing God He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗 ① novels: 3.分析汤姆琼斯：Plot: Tom, a foundling, was drove from the house of the Mr. Allworthy and took a series of adventure in London, and at last, Tom married Sophia after some misunderstanding between them. 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ④The personality of Tom: a national hero, honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive(冲动) ⑤It was Tom Jones that brought his author the name of the “prose Homer” ⑥Writing characteristics: The panoramic view is superb(辉煌全景) The language is clarity and suppleness The plot construction is excellent 6.Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) 塞缪尔·约翰逊 A Dictionary of the English Language《英语词典》 Lives of the Poets《诗人传》 London《伦敦》 The Vanity of Human Wishes《人类欲望之虚幻》 The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia《阿比西尼亚王子拉塞拉斯》 “To the Right Honorable the Eael of Chesterfield”《致切斯特菲尔德书》 地位johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the second half of the eighteenth century. 7.Thomas Gray (1716-1771)托马斯·格雷 “An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”《墓园挽歌》 “Ode on the Spring”《春天颂》 “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College”《伊顿学院的遥远前景颂》 “Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat”《爱猫之死颂》 “Hymn to Adversity”《逆境赞》 8.Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796 Scottish poet and writer of traditional Scottish folk songs, whose works are known and loved wherever the English language is read. 是英国苏格兰著名的农民诗人。 The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century. Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集 ① 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ② 一朵红红的玫瑰 ③ ④ 不管那一套 ⑤ 9.William Blake 威廉•布莱克1757~1827 Poet and Painter 、Engraver、 Developed own mythology/religion First major “Romantic” poet浪漫主义诗人 英国文学史上最复杂、最有个性的诗人之一 他打破了18世纪新古典主义的教条，用歌谣和无韵体诗来书写理想和生活。 Features of his poems 1.use of simple language 2. serious, somber themes 3. lyrical beauty 4. symbolism 5. mysticism 常出现的主题： Good & evil Heaven & hell Knowledge & innocence External reality & inner 作品： 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.Songs of Innocence 天真之歌．a happy and innocent world from children’s eye. 2.Songs of Experience 经验之歌a word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes. Include: 4．The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天堂和地狱的结合 6．The Book of Thel 塞尔书 7．Visions of the Daughters of Albion 阿尔比昂的女儿们之幻想 8．“Prophetic books预言书” ：The Book of Urizen《尤里真之书》The Song of Los 罗斯之歌Milton《米尔顿》The Four Zoas《四个佐亚》jerusalem《耶路撒冷》 The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind.(人应该是独立自由的 个体) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace. Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic). “The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district. 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey 1. William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850 （与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets） ① 2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude. Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. ③ Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey ④ The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 ② 2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834 The Lake Poets ① ④ 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ⑥ （拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）l “Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. ① ② ① Poetic Drama： Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyranny and oppression ② 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies. Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's \"Ode to the West Wind\" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life. Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe …) 5. Johnl Keats约翰•济慈1795~1821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) ① Four great odes: beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day. 6. Jane Austen简•奥斯丁1775~1817l She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. ① 【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money. 【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters The Victorian Period Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday eve 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ nts. 1. Charles Dickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812~1870 （批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer ① ⑧ 双城记(London & Paris) ⑨ 2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉•麦克匹斯•萨克雷1811~1863 ① 3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855 ① 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ere she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood School It is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. ② 4. Emily Bronte艾米莉•勃朗特1818~1854 ① < Wutheringn Heights>呼啸山庄 A story about two familie and an intruding stranger. 【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff 【The Linton Family】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella ② < Old Stoic> 5. George Eliot乔治•艾略特1819~1880l ① 6. Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德•丁尼生1809~1892 （维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人） 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） ① < In Memoriam>悼念 To memorialize his friend ② < Break,n Break, Break>冲击、冲击、冲击 ③ < Idylls of the King>国王叙事诗 7. Robertl Browning罗伯特•白朗宁1812~1889 ① < My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人 ② < Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外乡思 Elizabeth Barrett Browing: ① 9. Thomasl Hardy托马斯•哈代1840~1928 （小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment）⑴ Novels ① < Tess Of The D’Urbervilles>德伯家的苔丝 Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration ② < Jude The Obscure>无名的裘德 ③ < Under The Greenwood Tree>绿荫下 ④ < Far Fromn The Madding Crowd>远离尘嚣 ⑤ < The Mayor Of Casterbridge>卡斯特桥市长 ⑥ < The Return of the Native>还乡 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ⑵ Poems Wessex Poems And Other Verses Poems Of The Past And Present The Dynasts 列国 1900~1950 The 20th Century Playwrights① Oscar Wilde② George Bernard Shaw 1. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900 （The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake） ① 4 Comedies: (英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist ⑴ Plays ① Plays Unpleasant 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ② The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of people’s skin in there is black. Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans’ heart. 2.What is the symbolism of black and white 【Black / dark- 】death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilized Middle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as the Dark Ages. According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light. According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way, Africa was considered to be in the “dark stage”. 【White / light】life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized, religion. 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness means falsehood. This contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo. The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind. White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths. The trade in ivory is white and dirty.Kurtz the white man is totally corrupt 3.Comment The book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. The law acts as a buffer to prevent men from reverting back to their darker tendencies. Civilization, however, must be learned. London itself, in the book a symbol of enlightenment, was once \"one of the darker places of the earth\" before the Romans forced civilization upon the Britons.But civilized society does not get rid of primeval savage tendencies which lurk in the background. This savagery is seen in Kurtz. Marlow meets Kurtz and he finds a man that has totally thrown off the restraint of civilization and has de-evolved into a primitive state. 4.Character 【Kurtz】 represents what every man will become if left to his own intrinsic desires without a protective, civilized environment. 【Marlow】 represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back into savagery by a dark, alienating jungle. 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Narrative Structure In Heart of Darkness, we have an outside narrator telling us a story he has heard from Marlow. The story Marlow tells centers around Kurtz.However, most of what Marlow knows about Kurtz, he has learned from others.They have good reason for not being truthful to Marlow. Therefore Marlow has to piece together much of Kurtz’s story. 2. William Somerset Maugham ② David Herbert Lawrence ③ Virgirnia Woolf 1. David Herbert Lawrence戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯1885~1930 ① 精品资料 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ around him. He struggle to free from his mother’s influence, but he failed. After his mother has died and he is left alone, in despair. Theme: Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works. He believed that the healthy way of the individual’s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life implulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.huaman sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of life force.by presenting the psychological experience of indivudual human life and of human relationships, Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the novel Oedipus Complex is a thematic feature of D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers ② ③ ④ （爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness