Model Test 4

（Band 4）

Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions:

For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Harmfulness of

Fake Commodities. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品（fake commodities）。为什么会有这种现象？ 2. 举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。

Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)

Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.

For questions 1-7, mark

Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.

For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with information given in the passage.

Will We Run Out of Water?

Picture a “ghost ship” sinking into the sand, left to rot on dry land by a receding sea. Then imagine dust storms sweeping up toxic pesticides and chemical fertilizers from the dry seabed and spewing them across towns and villages.

Seem like a scene from a movie about the end of the world? For people living near the Aral sea (咸海) in Central Asia, it’s all too real. Thirty years ago, government planners diverted the rivers that flow into the sea in order to irrigate (provide water for) farmland. As a result, the sea has shrunk to half its original size, stranding (使搁浅) ships on dry land. The seawater has tripled in salt content and become polluted, killing all 24 native species of fish.

Similar large--scale efforts to redirect water in other parts of the world have also ended in ecological crisis, according to numerous environmental groups. But many countries continue to build massive dams and irrigation systems, even though such projects can create more problems than they fix. Why? People in many parts of the world are desperate for water, and more people will need more water in the next century.

“Growing populations will worsen problems with water,” says Peter H.Gleick, an environmental scientist at the Pacific Institute for studies in Development, Environment, and Security, a research organization in California. He fears that by the year 2025, as many as one--third of the world’s projected (预测的) 8.3 billion people will suffer from water shortages.

WHERE WATER GOES?

Only 2.5 percent of all water on Earth is freshwater, water suitable for drinking and growing food, says Sandra Postel, director of the Global Water Policy Project in Amherst, Mass. Two--thirds of this freshwater is locked in glaciers (冰山) and ice caps （冰盖）. In fact, only a tiny percentage of freshwater is part of the water cycle, in which water evaporates and rises into the atmosphere, then condenses and falls back to Earth as precipitation (rain or snow).

Some precipitation runs off land to lakes and oceans, and some becomes groundwater, water that seeps into the earth. Much of this renewable freshwater ends up in remote places like the Amazon River basin in Brazil, where few people live. In fact, the world’s population has access to only 12,500 cubic kilometers of freshwater—about the amount of water in Lake Superior(苏必利尔湖). And people use half of this amount already. “If water demand continues to climb rapidly,” says Postel, “there will be severe shortages and damage to the aquatic (水的) environment.”

CLOSE TO HOME

Water woes(灾难) may seem remote to people living in rich countries like the United States. But Americans could face serious water shortages, too especially in areas that rely on groundwater. Groundwater accumulates in aquifers (地下蓄水层)，layers of sand and gravel that lie between soil and bedrock. (For every liter of surface water, more than 90 liters are hidden underground.) Although the United States has large aquifers, farmers, ranchers, and cities are tapping many of them for water faster than nature can replenish(补充) it. In northwest Texas, for example, overpumping has shrunk groundwater supplies by 25 percent, according to Postel.

Americans may face even more urgent problems from pollution. Drinking water in the United States is generally safe and meets high standards. Nevertheless, one in five Americans every day unknowingly drinks tap water contaminated with bacteria and chemical wastes, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. In Milwaukee, 400,000 people fell ill in 1993 after drinking tap water tainted with cryptosporidium (隐孢子虫)，a microbe (微生物) that causes fever, diarrhea (腹泻) and vomiting.

THE SOURCE

Where so contaminants come from? In developing countries, people dump raw (未经处理的) sewage(污水) into the same streams and rivers from which they draw water for drinking and cooking; about 250 million people a year get sick from water borne (饮水传染的) diseases.

In developed countries, manufacturers use 100,000 chemical compounds to make a wide range of products. Toxic chemicals pollute water when released untreated into rivers and lakes. (Certain compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (多氯化联二苯)，or PCBs, have been banned in the United States.)

But almost everyone contributes to water pollution. People often pour household cleaners, car antifreeze, and paint thinners (稀释剂) down the drain; All of these contain hazardous chemicals. Scientists studying water in the San Francisco Bay reported in 1996 that 70 percent of the pollutants could be traced to household waste.

Farmers have been criticized for overusing herbicides and pesticides, chemicals that kill weeds and insects but insects but that pollutes water as well. Farmers also use nitrates, nitrogen--rich fertilizer that helps plants grow but that can wreak havoc (大破坏) on the environment. Nitrates are swept away by surface runoff to lakes and seas. Too many nitrates “overenrich” these bodies of water, encouraging the buildup of algae, or microscopic plants that live on the surface of the water. Algae deprive the water of oxygen that fish need to survive, at times choking off life in an entire body of water.

WHAT’S THE SOLUTION?

Water expert Gleick advocates conservation and local solutions to water--related problems; governments, for instance, would be better off building small--scale dams rather than huge and disruptive projects like the one that ruined the Aral Sea.

“More than 1 billion people worldwide don’t have access to basic clean drinking water,” says Gleick. “There has to be a strong push on the part of everyone—governments and ordinary people—to make sure we have a resource so fundamental to life.”

Questions:

1. That the huge water projects have diverted the rivers causes the Aral Sea to shrink. 2. The construction of massive dams and irrigation projects does more good than harm. 3. The chief causes of water shortage are population growth and water pollution.

4. The problems Americans face concerning water are ground water shrinkage and tap water pollution. 5. According to the passage all water pollutants come from household waste. 6. The people living in the United States will not be faced with water shortages.

7. Water expert Gleick has come up with the best solution to water—related problems.

8. According to Peter H. Gleick, by the year 2025, as many as _________of the world’s people will suffer from water shortages.

9. Two-thirds of the freshwater on Earth is locked in_______.

10. In developed countries, before toxic chemicals are released into rivers and lakes, they should be treated in order to avoid______________.

Part III Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words).

Loneliness is a curious thing. Most of us can remember feeling most lonely when we were not in fact alone at all, but when we were surrounded by people. Everyone has experienced, at some time, that utter sense of isolation that comes over you when you’re at a party or in an audience at a lecture. It suddenly seems to you as if everybody knows everybody else; everybody is sure of himself; everybody, that is, except you.

This feeling of loneliness which can overcome you when you are in a crowd is very difficult to get rid of. People living alone are advised to tackle their loneliness by joining a club or a society, by going out and meeting people. Does this really help?

There are no easy solutions. Your first day at work, or at a new school or university, is a typical situation in which you are likely to feel lonely. You feel that everybody else is full of confidence and knows what to do, but you are adrift and helpless. The fact of the matter is that, in order to survive, we all put on a show of self-confidence to hide our uncertainties and doubts.

In a big city it is particularly easy to get the feeling that everybody except you is leading a full, rich, busy life.

Everybody is going somewhere, and you tend to assume that they are going somewhere nice and interesting, whereas

your destination is less exciting and fulfilling. 11. What is the passage mainly about?  12. We feel mostly lonely when we____.

13. What do people usually do to tackle their loneliness? 

14. Why do we try to hide our sense of loneliness when we start a new job?  15.What do you tend to assume other’s life to be when you are in a big city?

Section B

Direction: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions16 to 20 are based on the following passage.

There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual—the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.

The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark X. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reacted by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child , sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Mark's I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.

16. This selection can best be titled_________. a. Measuring Your Intelligence b.Intelligence and Environment c.The Case of Peter and Mark

d.How the brain Influences Intelligence

17.The best statement of the main idea of this passage is that _____.

a. human brains differ considerably

b.the brain a person is born with is important in determining his intelligence c.environment is crucial in determining a person's intelligence

d. persons having identical brains will have roughly the same intelligence

18.According to the passage , the average I.Q.is _____. a.85 b.100 c.110 d.125

19.The case history of the twins appears to support the conclusion that _______. a. individual with identical brains seldom test at same level

b.an individual's intelligence is determined only by his environment c.lack of opportunity blocks the growth of intelligence

d.changes of environment produce changes in the structure of the brain

20.This passage suggests that an individual 's I.Q.______. a. can be predicted at birth

b.stays the same throughout his life c.can be increased by education d.is determined by his childhood

Passage Two

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.

Nowadays, a standard for measuring power has changed. These changes foretell a new standard for measuring power. No longer will a nation's political influence be based solely on the strength of its military forces. Of course, military effectiveness will remain a primary measure of power. But political influence is also closely tied to industrial competitiveness. It's often said that without its military the Soviet Union would really be a third-world nation. The new standard of power and influence that is evolving now places more emphasis on the ability of a country to compete effectively in the economic markets of the world.

America must recognize this new course of events. Our success in shaping world events over the past 40 years has been the direct result of our ability to adapt technology and to take advantage of the capabilities of our people for the purpose of maintaining peace. Our industrial prowess over most of this period was unchallenged. It is ironic that it is just this prowess that has enabled other countries to prosper and in turn to threaten our industrial leadership.

The competitiveness of America's industrial base is an issue bigger than the Department of Defense and is going to require the efforts of the major institutional forces in our society-government, industry, and education. That is not to say that the Defense Department will not be a strong force in the process because we will. But we simply cannot be, nor should we be, looked upon by others as the savior of American industry.

21. Now a nation's political influence depends on _________.

a. the strength of its military forces b. its ability to compete in industry c. economic markets d. both a and b

22. The Soviet Union was not listed as a third-world nation just because of _________. a. its powerful military forces b. its vast land

c. its industrial competitiveness d. its contributions to world peace

23. The author indicates that ______ is threatening American political power. a. other countries

b. the declining U.S. industrial base c. a new standard for measuring power d. less advanced technology

24. America succeeded in shaping world events over past 40 years probably because of ___________. a. its ability to adapt technology

b. its ability to take advantage of the capabilities of its people c. its ability to compete in the world markets d. both a and b

25. The purpose of writing this article is __________.

a. to draw the readers' attention to a new standard for measuring power b. to demonstrate American political influence in the world

c. to emphasize that efforts must be made to strengthen the declining U.S. industrial base d. to show American industrial prowess

Part IV Cloze (15 minutes)

Direction: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choice marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Most people have no idea of the hard work and worry that go into the collecting of those fascinating birds and animals that they pay to see in the zoo.

One of the questions that is always asked of me is __26__ I became an animal collector in the first __27__ . The answer is that I have always been interested in animals and zoos.

___28___ my parents, the first word I was able to say with any __ 29__ was not the conventional

“mamma” or “daddy”,__30__ the word “zoo”, which I would __31__ over and over again with a shrill __32__ until someone, in group to __33__ me up, would take me to the zoo.

When I __34__ a little older, we lived in Greece and I had a great __35__ of pets, __36__ owls to

seahorses, and I spent all my spare time __37__ the countryside in __38__ of fresh specimens to __39__ to my

collection of pets.__40__ on I went for a year to the City Zoo, as a student __41__ , to get experience of the large animals, such as lions, bears, bison and ostriches,__42__ were not easy to keep at home.

When I left, I __43__ had enough money of my own to be able to __44__ my first __45__ and I have been going __46__ ever since then.

Though a collector's job is not an easy one and is full of __47__, it is certainly a job which will appeal __48__ all those __49__ love animals and __50__.

26. A. how B.where C.when D.whether 27. A.region C.place 28.A.According to C. Despite of 29. A.clarity C.sentiment 30. A.except C.except for 31. A.recite C.read 32. A.volume C.voice 33. A.close C.stop 34. A.grew C.grow 35. A.many C.number 36.A.containing C.converting 37.A.living C.reclaiming 38.A.form C.search 39.A.increase C.add 40.A.later C.then 41.A.attendant C.member 42.A.who C.of which 43.A.luckily C.nearly 44.A.pay B.field D.case

B.As a result D.Therefore B.emotion D.affection B.but D.but for B.recognize D.repeat

B.noise D.pitch

B.shut D.comfort B.was growing D.grown B.amount D.supply

B.ranging from D.like

B.cultivating D.exploring

B.conclusion D.condition B.include D.enrich B.further

D.subsequently B.keeper D.aide B.they D.which B.gladly

D.successfully B.provide

C.allow D.finance 45.A.normally B.regularly C.usually D.often

46.A.dream B.ideal C.trip D.day 47.A.expectations B.sorrows

C.excitement D.disappointments 48.A.for B.with C.to D.from

49.A.they B.one C.who D.whose 50. A.excursion B.travel C.journey D.Trip

Part V Translation (5 minutes)

Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write

you translation on Answer Sheet 2. 51. ______ ［只要你喝了那个牌子的酒］, you will never want to drink any other. 52. _________［假如没有你的帮助］， I would not have succeeded. 53. This novel_______________［据说已经被翻译成二十多种外语］. 54.The students all felt very happy _________________［校长来看他们］.

55. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, ______________［这一点人人都清楚］。